Exodus 19:18

And mount Sinai was altogether on a smoke, because the Lord descended upon it in fire: and the smoke thereof ascended as the smoke of a furnace, and the whole mount quaked greatly.

Cross-references

Exodus 19:11 Historical context

Exodus 19:11 commands preparation for God's descent on the third day; here the descent occurs and the mountain shakes.

Exodus 20:18 Historical context

Exodus 20:18 describes the same Sinai theophany from the people's perspective: they saw the mountain smoking and trembled.

Exodus 24:17 describes the glory of the Lord as a devouring fire on the mountain—the same event from a later vantage point.

Exodus 3:2 Contrast

Exodus 3:2 also depicts fire as a sign of divine presence, but there the bush is not consumed; Sinai's mountain trembles and smokes.

Exodus 34:5 Parallel

In Exodus 34:5, God descends again on Sinai in a cloud, echoing the earlier theophany but now with a different visible form.

Nahum 1:6 Allusion

Nahum 1:6 asks who can endure God's fury of fire and broken rocks, mirroring the fire and quaking at Sinai.

2 Chronicles 7:1-3 shows fire from heaven consuming the temple offering, echoing Sinai's descent of fire and glory filling the house.

Psalm 68:8 Allusion

Psalm 68:8 describes the earth shaking at Sinai, directly echoing the trembling mountain in Exodus 19:18.

Psalm 77:18 Allusion

Psalm 77:18 recalls the Sinai theophany: thunder, lightning, and earth trembling — echoing God's powerful descent here.

Psalm 104:32 echoes God's touch causing mountains to smoke and the earth to tremble—the same theophany imagery as Sinai.

Psalm 114:7 Allusion

Psalm 114:7 commands the earth to tremble at God's presence, directly alluding to the trembling of Sinai.

Psalm 144:5 Allusion

Psalm 144:5 prays for God to 'touch the mountains so that they smoke'—a direct allusion to the Sinai theophany.

Isaiah 6:4 Allusion

Isaiah 6:4 echoes the same theophanic imagery: smoke filling the temple and shaking doorposts, as at Sinai.

Nahum 1:5 Allusion

Nahum 1:5 says mountains quake at God's presence — a direct parallel to the shaking of Sinai here.

In 1 Kings 19:12, God is not in the earthquake — contrasting Sinai's quaking here where God descended in fire.

Hebrews 12:26 recalls the shaking at Sinai and contrasts it with a final eschatological shaking of heaven and earth.

Revelation 15:8 uses the same smoke imagery from God's glory, recalling Sinai's theophany where smoke filled the mountain.

Deuteronomy 5:22 reiterates the Sinai theophany with fire, cloud, and darkness, emphasizing the giving of the Ten Commandments.

Genesis 19:28 describes smoke from Sodom 'like the smoke of a furnace'—the same simile used for Sinai's smoke, but for judgment.

Deuteronomy 4:11 Historical context

Deuteronomy 4:11 recounts Sinai with fire, clouds, and darkness, complementing the smoke and trembling in Exodus 19:18.

Deuteronomy 4:12 adds that from the fire the LORD spoke without a visible form, explaining the nature of the Sinai revelation.

1 Kings 19:11 shows God not in wind, earthquake, or fire—a deliberate contrast to Sinai where God was manifest in those very elements.

Judges 5:5 Allusion

Judges 5:5 explicitly recalls the quaking of mountains at Sinai, directly echoing Exodus 19:18's trembling mountain.

Deuteronomy 10:4 Historical context

In Deuteronomy 10:4, Moses notes the Ten Commandments were spoken from the fire on Sinai.

Deuteronomy 9:15 Historical context

In Deuteronomy 9:15, Moses describes the mountain burning with fire as he came down with the tablets.

Deuteronomy 5:4 Historical context

In Deuteronomy 5:4, Moses reminds Israel that God spoke to them face to face from the fire on Sinai.

Isaiah 64:1 Allusion

Isaiah 64:1 echoes the Sinai theophany, praying for God to rend the heavens and cause mountains to flow down in fire.

Deuteronomy 4:33 Historical context

In Deuteronomy 4:33, Moses recalls the Sinai event, emphasizing that Israel heard God's voice from the fire and survived.

Psalm 114:4 Allusion

In Psalm 114:4, the mountains trembling at God's presence poetically recalls Sinai's quaking.

Genesis 15:17 shows a smoking fire pot and torch passing between pieces—a divine presence sign, akin to Sinai's fire and smoke covenantally.

Deuteronomy 33:2 poetically recalls God coming from Sinai, echoing the theophany there.

Jeremiah 4:24 uses mountains quaking for divine judgment, echoing Sinai's shaking as a pattern of God's terrifying presence.

Psalm 50:3 Allusion

In Psalm 50:3, a theophany with devouring fire and tempest echoes the Sinai event.

2 Thessalonians 1:8 uses 'flaming fire' for divine judgment—a similar image of God's fiery presence, now linked to the final vengeance.

In 2 Samuel 22:9, David uses Sinai imagery of smoke and fire to describe God's delivering presence.

2 Peter 3:10 describes the elements dissolving with fire—a cosmic judgment fire, paralleling Sinai's theophanic fire but on a global scale.