Exodus 23:9

Also thou shalt not oppress a stranger: for ye know the heart of a stranger, seeing ye were strangers in the land of Egypt.

Cross-references

Exodus 22:21 repeats the same command with nearly identical wording, reinforcing the prohibition against oppressing strangers based on Israel's own experience.

In Deuteronomy 10:19, the command escalates from not oppressing to actively loving the stranger, with the same reason: you were strangers in Egypt.

Deuteronomy 24:14-18 applies the same 'remember Egypt' rationale to protect hired servants, widows, and orphans — expanding the principle.

Deuteronomy 27:19 pronounces a curse on those who pervert justice for strangers, reinforcing the command with a covenant penalty.

Ezekiel 22:7 lists oppressing the stranger among Jerusalem's sins, directly illustrating the breach of Exodus 23:9.

Genesis 15:13 Prophetic fulfillment

Genesis 15:13 prophesies Israel's future as strangers in Egypt — the very experience that Exodus 23:9 commands them to remember.

Leviticus 19:33 echoes this command, adding 'you shall not mistreat him' — a parallel instruction for treating the stranger fairly.

Deuteronomy 1:16 extends this principle to courtroom justice, commanding judges to treat both brother and stranger impartially.

Deuteronomy 23:7 specifically commands not to abhor Egyptians because Israel was a stranger in Egypt — directly echoing the rationale in Exodus.

Deuteronomy 23:16 applies the 'do not oppress' command to a runaway slave seeking refuge — expanding protection to another vulnerable group.

Deuteronomy 24:17 adds stranger to the list of protected groups (alongside fatherless and widow) in matters of justice and pledges.

Ezekiel 22:29 condemns oppressing the stranger specifically, showing that violating this command was a key sin of Israel.

Zechariah 7:10 lists the alien alongside the widow, fatherless, and poor — reinforcing that oppression of strangers is forbidden.

Psalm 94:6 Parallel

Psalm 94:6 describes the very oppression of strangers that Exodus forbids — showing the wicked's violation of this command.

Hebrews 4:15 shows Christ's sympathy from tempted experience, mirroring the empathy principle in Exodus — shared suffering enables understanding.