Romans 10:19
But I say, Did not Israel know? First Moses saith, I will provoke you to jealousy by them that are no people, and by a foolish nation I will anger you.
Cross-reference
Romans 10:18 establishes that the gospel was universally heard — the basis for Paul's question in verse 19 about Israel's understanding.
Romans 11:11 directly continues the argument: Israel's trespass brought salvation to Gentiles to make Israel jealous, echoing the Deuteronomy citation.
Deuteronomy 32:21 is the exact source Paul quotes here — God's promise to provoke Israel's jealousy through a foolish nation.
1 Corinthians 12:2 describes Gentiles as once led astray to mute idols — they are the 'foolish nation' now receiving the gospel.
In Acts 13:46, Paul turns to the Gentiles after Jewish rejection — a direct outcome of the jealousy pattern Paul describes.
Hosea 2:23 prophesies God calling 'Not My People' His people — thematically linked to Paul's argument that Gentiles are the foolish nation provoking Israel.
1 Peter 2:10 cites Hosea's 'not a people' language — parallels Paul's theme of Gentiles becoming God's people, provoking Israel.