Exodus 1:14

And they made their lives bitter with hard bondage, in morter, and in brick, and in all manner of service in the field: all their service, wherein they made them serve, was with rigour.

Cross-references

Exodus 1:13 Parallel

Exodus 1:13 states the general harsh labor; verse 14 gives specifics of mortar and brick.

Exodus 2:23 Parallel

Exodus 2:23 records the Israelites groaning and crying out from slavery, which directly results from the harsh labor described in Exodus 1:14.

Exodus 5:7–21 Historical context

Exodus 5:7-21 escalates the brick-making labor by withholding straw, intensifying the bitter slavery.

Exodus 6:9 Parallel

In Exodus 6:9, this same bitter bondage causes the Israelites to refuse to listen to Moses due to their anguish of spirit.

Exodus 20:2 Contrast

Exodus 20:2 recalls this slavery as the context for God's deliverance, contrasting bondage with freedom.

Exodus 3:9 Parallel

Exodus 3:9 records God seeing the exact oppression described here, prompting the deliverance.

Exodus 12:8 Allusion

Exodus 12:8 institutes bitter herbs as a memorial of the bitter bondage described here.

Genesis 15:13 Prophetic fulfillment

Genesis 15:13 prophesies that Abraham's descendants would be afflicted in a foreign land for 400 years—this verse records the fulfillment.

Acts 7:34 Historical context

Acts 7:34 shows God seeing this affliction and hearing the groaning of His people, then coming down to deliver them.

Acts 7:19 Historical context

Acts 7:19, in Stephen's speech, adds the detail of the Egyptians' cruelty: forcing parents to expose infants, a specific outgrowth of this bondage.

Psalm 81:6 Allusion

Psalm 81:6 directly recalls this burden: 'I removed his shoulder from the burden; his hands were delivered from the pots.'

In Deuteronomy 26:6, this same hard bondage is recounted in the liturgy of firstfruits, affirming God's deliverance.

Numbers 20:15 Historical context

In Numbers 20:15, the Israelites later recall this same Egyptian vexation and hard bondage as they journey to Canaan.

Leviticus 25:53 prohibits harsh rule even by foreign masters over Israelites, opposing the Egyptian oppression.

Leviticus 25:43 forbids harsh rule over Israelites, directly opposing the Egyptian harshness here.

2 Chronicles 10:4 has Israelites describe Solomon's yoke as heavy, echoing the 'hard service' of Exodus 1:14 — a direct verbal parallel.

2 Chronicles 10:11 shows Rehoboam increasing the yoke, mirroring the ruthless escalation of labor in Egypt.

Ecclesiastes 4:1 observes oppression with no comforter, directly reflecting the helpless state of the Israelites.

Jeremiah 43:9 mentions mortar and brick, directly recalling the materials of Israel's forced labor in Egypt.

John 8:33 Contrast

In John 8:33, the Jews claim never to have been slaves, directly contradicting the reality of Israel's slavery in Egypt.

Leviticus 25:39 prohibits treating a fellow Israelite as a bondservant, contrasting the harsh servitude Egypt forced on them here.

Genesis 11:3 Historical context

Genesis 11:3 describes brick-making and mortar, the same labor-forms imposed on Israel in Exodus 1:14.

Deuteronomy 4:20 calls Egypt an 'iron furnace'—a metaphor for the harsh slavery described here, from which God delivered them.

Revelation 11:8 symbolically calls Jerusalem 'Egypt', evoking the place of oppression and bondage seen here.

1 Kings 12:11 uses the imagery of a heavy yoke and whips, echoing the rigorous bondage of Egypt.

Job 24:12 Parallel

Job 24:12 depicts oppressed groaning without justice, a thematic parallel to the Israelites' bitter labor.

Psalm 107:39 describes being brought low through oppression, echoing the state of Israel in Egypt.

Proverbs 28:15 compares a wicked ruler to a lion, paralleling Pharaoh's oppressive reign over Israel.