Ephesians 2:3

Among whom also we all had our conversation in times past in the lusts of our flesh, fulfilling the desires of the flesh and of the mind; and were by nature the children of wrath, even as others.

Cross-reference

Ephesians 2:2 sets the context of walking according to the world and the devil — verse 3 expands on that sinful lifestyle.

In Ephesians 4:22, the old self corrupted by deceitful desires directly echoes the former life of fleshly passions described here.

Ephesians 4:17-19 expands on the mindset of Gentiles — 'futility of mind' and 'sensuality' — as the underlying cause of the 'desires of the body and mind' here.

Ephesians 5:6 reinforces the warning: as we were once children of wrath, wrath now comes on the disobedient.

Romans 3:23 Parallel

Romans 3:23 states all have sinned and fall short — the same universal condition of sinfulness that leaves us 'children of wrath'.

Genesis 6:5 Parallel

Genesis 6:5 describes humanity's heart as only evil continually, matching the 'children of wrath' condition Paul identifies in fallen human nature.

Romans 5:12-19 explains the origin of that 'by nature' sinful state — through Adam's transgression all are made sinners.

Romans 6:12 Contrast

Romans 6:12 commands believers not to let sin reign in their bodies, contrasting with the previous life we lived in the passions.

Romans 7:18 Parallel

Romans 7:18 confirms nothing good dwells in the flesh — the same admission of innate sinfulness Paul makes here.

Romans 8:7 Parallel

Romans 8:7 explains that the fleshly mind is hostile to God and cannot submit, grounding why we were children of wrath.

Romans 8:8 Parallel

Romans 8:8 states that those in the flesh cannot please God, directly connecting to being children of wrath.

Romans 9:22 Parallel

Romans 9:22 uses 'vessels of wrath' imagery — parallel to 'children of wrath' here, both describing those under God's wrath.

Romans 13:14 tells believers to make no provision for the flesh, contrasting with our former life of gratifying its desires.

1 Corinthians 6:9-11 lists sinful lifestyles and says 'such were some of you' — directly parallel to the former 'children of wrath' state here.

Galatians 3:22 directly parallels 'children of wrath' by stating Scripture imprisoned everything under sin — both affirm universal human guilt.

Galatians 5:16-24 contrasts the works of the flesh with the fruit of the Spirit, detailing the very passions we once lived in.

Galatians 5:19-21 lists the works of the flesh, illustrating the sinful deeds that flow from the 'by nature' state described here.

Titus 3:3 Parallel

Titus 3:3 echoes the same past state: foolish, enslaved to passions — reinforcing the 'desires of the flesh' description here.

James 4:1-3 traces quarrels to internal passions at war, expanding on how those same desires cause conflict.

1 Peter 1:14 urges not conforming to former passions, directly recalling the lifestyle here as 'former ignorance'.

1 Peter 2:10 contrasts the former non-people with now being God's people, mirroring the shift from children of wrath to recipients of mercy.

1 Peter 2:11 calls to abstain from fleshly passions that war against the soul, adding the warfare metaphor.

1 Peter 4:2 Contrast

1 Peter 4:2 contrasts living for human passions with God's will, showing the alternative to this former state.

1 Peter 4:3 Parallel

1 Peter 4:3 lists specific sinful practices (sensuality, passions) that match the former lifestyle described here — both contrast with new life in Christ.

2 Peter 2:18 shows false teachers using sensual passions to entice, revealing how fleshly desires are exploited.

1 John 2:16 Parallel

1 John 2:16 lists 'desires of the flesh' as part of the world system not from the Father, broadening the category.

Jude 1:16-18 describes scoffers following ungodly passions, another example of those living by sinful desires.

Daniel 9:5-9 confesses rebellion and sin, acknowledging deserved judgment — echoing the 'children of wrath' condition described here.

Genesis 5:3 Typology

Genesis 5:3 traces the origin of this fallen nature: Adam fathered children in his own sinful likeness, passing on the condition Paul calls 'by nature'.

Genesis 8:21 confirms humanity's evil inclination from youth, reinforcing the universal sinful state that Paul calls 'by nature children of wrath'.

Job 14:4 Parallel

Job 14:4 asks who can bring purity from an unclean source, underscoring the inherent corruption that makes us 'by nature' objects of wrath.

Job 15:14-16 declares man corrupt and drinking iniquity, directly echoing the sin-saturated nature that Paul says makes us children of wrath.

Job 25:4 Parallel

Job 25:4 asks how a man can be righteous before God, pointing to the same inability to escape the fallen state Paul describes.

Psalm 51:5 Allusion

Psalm 51:5 confesses being conceived in sin, the same original sin doctrine that underlies Paul's statement about our natural state as 'children of wrath'.

Isaiah 53:6 Parallel

Isaiah 53:6 says 'all we like sheep have gone astray' — a classic parallel to being 'by nature children of wrath' due to universal sin.

Isaiah 64:6 Parallel

Isaiah 64:6 describes our righteous deeds as polluted garments — a parallel to the sinful state that makes us 'children of wrath' here.

Romans 3:22 Contrast

Romans 3:22 presents righteousness from God through faith — the remedy contrasting with the 'children of wrath' condition.

Mark 7:21 Parallel

Mark 7:21 lists evil thoughts from within the heart, showing that the sinful nature Paul describes produces actual evil deeds.

Mark 7:22 Parallel

Mark 7:22 lists evil thoughts and deeds from within — the same 'desires of the flesh and mind' Paul describes here.

John 1:13 Contrast

John 1:13 contrasts natural birth with being born of God, showing that salvation does not come from the sinful nature mentioned here.

John 3:1-6 explains the necessity of new birth — directly addressing the 'by nature children of wrath' state requiring spiritual rebirth.

Romans 3:9-19 charges all, Jew and Greek, as under sin — the same universal condition that makes us 'by nature children of wrath' here.

Romans 1:24 Parallel

Romans 1:24 shows God giving people over to their lusts as judgment, illustrating the outworking of being children of wrath.

John 8:44 Parallel

John 8:44 identifies the devil's desires as the source of our sinful nature, reinforcing the idea of being by nature children of wrath.

Romans 3:12 Parallel

Romans 3:12 declares universal human depravity – 'no one does good' – directly supporting Paul's claim that all are by nature children of wrath.

John 3:6 Parallel

John 3:6 distinguishes flesh-born from Spirit-born, echoing the 'by nature' condition Paul describes here.

Isaiah 57:4 Parallel

Isaiah 57:4 calls people 'children of transgression' and 'offspring of deceit', similar to Paul's 'children of wrath', emphasizing a sinful identity from birth.

Romans 6:19 Parallel

Romans 6:19 recalls a former life enslaved to impurity and lawlessness, reinforcing the same 'passions of the flesh' Paul references.

Colossians 1:13 shows the deliverance from that dark domain of wrath into Christ's kingdom.

Colossians 3:6 similarly warns that God's wrath comes on those living in sin.

1 Corinthians 3:3 calls believers 'of the flesh' due to jealousy and strife, exemplifying the worldly behavior Paul says we once lived in.

Psalm 58:3 Parallel

Psalm 58:3 says the wicked go astray from birth — echoing the inborn sinful nature of Ephesians 2:3.

Romans 7:5 Parallel

Romans 7:5 uses identical language – 'sinful passions at work in our members' – to describe the same fleshly state that produces death.

Psalm 14:3 Parallel

Psalm 14:3 declares all have turned aside and become corrupt — directly paralleling the universal sinful nature.

Ecclesiastes 7:29 notes that God made people upright but they devised many schemes, aligning with Paul's description of fallen humanity's sinful nature.

Jeremiah 9:14 describes walking after the stubbornness of their hearts, echoing Paul's 'passions of our flesh, carrying out the desires of body and mind'.

Romans 9:23 Parallel

Romans 9:23 highlights vessels of mercy prepared for glory, set against the 'vessels of wrath' implied by children of wrath here.

Acts 17:30 Parallel

Acts 17:30 contrasts God's past 'overlooking' of ignorance with the present call to repentance — matching the transition from 'children of wrath' to salvation here.

1 Peter 2:12 calls for honorable conduct, contrasting the former life of wrath described here.

John 9:34 Parallel

John 9:34 uses 'born in sin' as an accusation, mirroring the idea of innate sinfulness Paul attributes to all.

Deuteronomy 1:39 describes innocent children who lack knowledge of good/evil — contrasting with the universal fallen nature.

2 Corinthians 7:1 calls for cleansing from defilement of body and spirit, a response to the defilement from fleshly passions.