In Romans 2:25-29, Paul defines true circumcision as inward — the profit lies in heart obedience, not mere ritual.

In Romans 2:14, Gentiles doing the law by nature undermines the assumed advantage of being Jewish, setting up the question in 3:1.

In Isaiah 1:11-15, God condemns empty rituals — paralleling Paul's question about the profit of circumcision without heart obedience.

In Malachi 3:14, the people ask 'what profit' in serving God — echoing Paul's question about the advantage of being Jewish.

In Genesis 17:10, circumcision is instituted — the very practice Paul questions the profit of, providing the OT background for the debate.

In 2 Samuel 7:23, Israel's unique privilege as God's redeemed people is celebrated — directly answering Paul's question about Jewish advantage.

Psalm 76:1 shows God's special revelation to Judah/Israel — the advantage Paul asks about here.

Psalm 147:20 emphasizes Israel's unique privilege of receiving God's statutes — the very advantage Paul highlights in Romans 3:2.

Hosea 8:12 shows God gave Israel his law, yet they disregarded it — mirroring the advantage and failure Paul discusses.

In Galatians 3:19, Paul asks why the law was given — parallel to the question of the value of being Jewish, both exploring the law's purpose.