Deuteronomy 28:23

And thy heaven that is over thy head shall be brass, and the earth that is under thee shall be iron.

Cross-references

Deuteronomy 11:17 warns of shut-up heavens and no rain, almost identical to the curse in 28:23, reinforcing the covenant threat.

Leviticus 26:19 uses the same 'heavens like iron, earth like bronze' imagery, reversing the order but conveying identical covenant curse.

1 Kings 17:1 Prophetic fulfillment

1 Kings 17:1 records Elijah's prophecy of no rain, a direct historical example of the curse of heavens as bronze.

Jeremiah 14:1-6 gives a vivid depiction of drought and desolation, illustrating the reality of heavens as bronze.

In 1 Kings 8:35, this same curse of heaven shut up and no rain is invoked as judgment for sin in Solomon's prayer.

In 2 Chronicles 6:26, the parallel account of Solomon's prayer repeats the image of heaven shut up with no rain for sin.

Isaiah 5:6 Allusion

Isaiah 5:6 has God commanding the clouds not to rain, directly echoing the curse of withheld rain as judgment.

Jeremiah 3:3 cites withheld showers and latter rain as a consequence of Israel's unfaithfulness, matching the curse.

Jeremiah 5:25 states that sins have withheld good things (rain) from them, directly linking drought to disobedience.

Jeremiah 14:4 describes the ground cracked from no rain, the very result of the curse of heaven like brass.

Haggai 1:10 Allusion

Haggai 1:10 says heaven is stayed from dew and earth from fruit, a clear echo of the brass heaven and iron earth curse.

Zechariah 10:1 promises rain as a blessing when asked, contrasting the curse of withheld rain in Deuteronomy.

Zechariah 14:17 threatens no rain on those who refuse to worship, directly paralleling the covenant curse of drought.

Amos 4:7 Allusion

Amos 4:7 describes God withholding rain as judgment, directly reflecting the curse of no rain from Deuteronomy.