Romans 9:11 explains God's choice before birth—provides the basis for the potter's right in the metaphor of Romans 9:21.

Romans 9:18 states God hardens whom he wills—the conclusion drawn from the potter/clay analogy in Romans 9:21.

Romans 9:22 applies the 'dishonorable vessel' to those prepared for destruction — God's wrath.

Romans 9:23 reveals the counterpart — vessels of mercy prepared for glory, showing God's grace.

Proverbs 16:4 says God made even the wicked for his purpose—parallels the potter making vessels for dishonorable use in Romans 9:21.

Isaiah 64:8 is the OT source of the potter/clay metaphor — God as potter, we as clay, emphasizing His sovereignty.

Jeremiah 18:3-6 also uses the potter's authority over clay to illustrate God's right to reshape Israel.

Acts 9:15 calls Paul a 'chosen vessel' for God's mission — directly parallels the honorable vessel concept.

2 Timothy 2:20 echoes the same honorable/dishonorable vessel imagery, applied to church purity.

2 Timothy 2:21 adds the condition of cleansing to become a vessel for honorable use — a different emphasis.

In Job 10:9, Job similarly appeals to God as the potter who formed him from clay, highlighting human frailty before the Creator.

In Isaiah 29:16, the potter/clay analogy appears directly: the creature challenges the Creator — the very idea Paul uses to argue God's right over His vessels.

In Isaiah 45:9, the potter has authority over the clay — the same metaphor Paul invokes to defend God's sovereign choice of vessels.