Isaiah 51:2 calls Abraham your father, the one God called and blessed, echoing Paul’s reference to Abraham as our forefather according to the flesh.

Matthew 3:9 warns against boasting in Abraham as father, contrasting with Paul’s question about what Abraham found according to the flesh.

Luke 3:8 similarly warns against saying 'We have Abraham as father,' contrasting the fleshly reliance Paul examines.

John 8:33 has Jews claim Abraham as their father, boasting in physical descent, which Paul’s question about 'according to the flesh' challenges.

John 8:37-41 has Jesus challenge the Jews’ reliance on Abrahamic lineage, contrasting with Paul’s exploration of Abraham’s faith-based righteousness.

In 2 Corinthians 11:22, Paul boasts of being Abraham's offspring, directly tying his own heritage to the same 'forefather according to the flesh'.

1 Corinthians 10:18 uses 'Israel according to the flesh,' echoing the same phrase 'according to the flesh' for Abraham here.

James 2:21 calls Abraham 'our father' and discusses his justification, directly linking to Paul's reference to Abraham as forefather.

Acts 13:26 addresses 'children of the family of Abraham,' echoing Paul's reference to Abraham as forefather according to the flesh.