Psalm 2:1-9 describes the Messiah breaking the nations with a rod of iron, a strong parallel to the king's arrows conquering enemies in Psalm 45:5.

Psalm 21:12 similarly depicts God aiming arrows at enemies, reinforcing the theme of divine judgment on the king's foes.

Psalm 7:13 describes God making arrows for judgment — same image of sharp arrows against enemies.

Psalm 144:6 asks God to send arrows to rout enemies — identical imagery of arrows defeating foes.

Psalm 38:2 uses the same arrow-piercing imagery but for personal affliction from God, unlike the judgment on enemies here.

Deuteronomy 32:42 uses the same arrow imagery: God's arrows drunk with blood against enemies, directly paralleling Psalm 45:5.

In 2 Samuel 22:15, God's arrows scatter enemies — same martial imagery of divine judgment through arrows.

Isaiah 49:2 depicts the Servant as a polished arrow — a messianic image that echoes the king's sharp arrows here.

In Zechariah 9:13, God uses Judah as a bow and Ephraim as an arrow, echoing the king's sharp arrows against enemies in Psalm 45:5.

Zechariah 9:14 depicts the Lord's arrow going forth like lightning, paralleling the king's arrows piercing enemies in Psalm 45:5.