John 3:4 shows Nicodemus's earlier literal misunderstanding of new birth, revealing his persistent confusion when he asks again here.

John 6:52 records a similar 'How can?' response of disbelief to Jesus' teaching, showing the pattern of resistance to hard sayings.

Luke 1:34 has Mary asking "How shall this be?" — the identical question about a divine work, mirroring Nicodemus's inquiry.

1 Corinthians 15:35 anticipates the question "How are the dead raised?" — same form of inquiry about a spiritual transformation.