Hosea 4:16 uses the same 'stubborn heifer' metaphor for Israel, reinforcing Ephraim's recalcitrance in the threshing image.

Hosea 11:4 recalls God easing the yoke and feeding Israel — a direct contrast to the coming yoke of judgment pronounced here.

In Hosea 9:1, threshing floors are linked to Israel's harlotry and false prosperity, contrasting with Ephraim's love of threshing as easy labor here.

Jeremiah 31:18 also calls Ephraim an untrained calf undergoing discipline — a later use of the same animal metaphor for Ephraim.

Job 39:10 describes the impossibility of yoking a wild ox, while here Ephraim, a trained heifer, is forced under the yoke — shared taming imagery.

Isaiah 28:24 uses plowing and harrowing as metaphors for God's varied judgments — similar agricultural imagery but applied differently.