In 1 Corinthians 4:14, Paul frames his writing as a father admonishing his beloved children, which sets up the fatherhood claim in the next verse.

In 1 Corinthians 4:17, Paul sends Timothy as his faithful child, showing how his spiritual fatherhood operates through delegates.

In 1 Corinthians 3:6, Paul says he planted — same foundational role as begetting here.

In 1 Corinthians 3:10, Paul lays the foundation — parallel to his role as spiritual father who founded the church.

In 1 Corinthians 9:1, Paul calls the Corinthians his work in the Lord — same claim of spiritual parenthood.

In 1 Corinthians 9:2, Paul calls them the seal of his apostleship — further evidence of his foundational role.

Acts 18:4-11 records Paul's founding of the Corinthian church — the historical fulfillment of his claim to have begotten them.

In 2 Corinthians 3:1-3, Paul calls the Corinthians his letter of recommendation — they are evidence of his fatherhood, just as he claims here to be their father through the gospel.

In Philemon 1:10-12, Paul calls Onesimus his child, 'whose father I became in my imprisonment' — the exact same fatherhood language for a convert.

In Titus 1:4, Paul calls Titus his 'true child in a common faith' — applying the same spiritual father-child relationship to an individual convert.

In Galatians 4:19, Paul uses the same parental metaphor, calling them his little children and being in labor until Christ is formed — echoing his fatherhood role.

In 3 John 1:4, John rejoices in his spiritual children walking in truth—echoing Paul's joy as a gospel father.

In Matthew 23:9, Jesus forbids calling anyone father on earth — contrasting with Paul's claim to be a father, highlighting the metaphorical nature of his role.

In 1 Thessalonians 2:11, Paul also uses the father-child metaphor for his pastoral care, reinforcing his unique fatherly role in the gospel.

2 Corinthians 12:14 explicitly uses the parent‐child analogy: parents provide for children, mirroring Paul's fatherly role here.

In 2 Corinthians 10:14, Paul notes he was first to reach them with the gospel — the very basis for being their spiritual father.

In 2 Corinthians 6:13, Paul again uses parent-child language, asking for reciprocal affection as to children — reinforcing the same relational dynamic.

In James 1:18, God brings believers forth by the word of truth — showing the ultimate source of the new birth Paul claims to mediate as a father.

In 1 Peter 1:23, believers are born again through the living word of God — the same word/gospel that Paul says made him their father.

2 Corinthians 11:2 uses a betrothal metaphor — different image but same protective, parental concern for the Corinthians.

In Romans 15:20, Paul aims to preach where Christ is unknown — consistent with his role as founder, as at Corinth.

In 1 John 2:1, John addresses believers as 'little children,' a similar familial address reflecting Paul's fatherly role.